There were originally eight books, but only four now remain in their entirety, along with a few fragments of the others. Furthermore the 'commissioner' of the 'free cities' to whom Discourse iii. 7 is addressed is thought to be the same man Pliny the Younger addresses his Letter viii. 24-a letter which has been dated to around 108. Arrian was suffect consul in around 130, and since forty-two was the standard age for that position, he would have been at the right age of around twenty in 108. Epictetus himself refers to the coins of Trajan, which shows he was teaching during that reign. Īs to the date, it is generally agreed that the Discourses were composed sometime in the years around 108 AD. The Greek word Diatribai literally means 'informal talks'. The modern name comes from the titles given in the earliest medieval manuscript: 'Arrian's Diatribai of Epictetus' ( Greek: Ἀρριανοῦ τῶν Ἐπικτήτου Διατριβῶν). Although Simplicius called them Diatribai (Διατριβαί, Discourses), other writers gave them titles such as Dialexis (Διαλέξεις, Talks), Apomnêmoneumata (Ἀπομνημονεύματα, Records), and Homiliai (Ὁμιλίαι, Conversations). The books did not have a formal title in ancient times. Since the 16th century, they have been translated into multiple languages and reprinted many times. They are referred to and quoted by Marcus Aurelius.

The Discourses have been influential since they were written.

The purpose of his teaching was to make people free and happy. He directs his students to focus attention on their opinions, anxieties, passions, and desires, so that 'they may never fail to get what they desire, nor fall into what they avoid.' True education lies in learning to distinguish what is our own from what does not belong to us, and in learning to correctly assent or dissent to external impressions. The philosophy of Epictetus is intensely practical.

Four books out of an original eight are still extant. The Discourses of Epictetus ( Greek: Ἐπικτήτου διατριβαί, Epiktētou diatribai) are a series of informal lectures by the Stoic philosopher Epictetus written down by his pupil Arrian around 108 AD.

Of human freedom epictetus